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Automatic solar tracking system
AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over again from dawn next day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate.Let us see how it does all this.
There are three Electronic Modules to be explained. First one is the HORIZONTAL SENSOR MODULE. It employs the timer 555 in the MONOSTABLE MODE. PIN 2(Trigger Pin of 555) is hooked up with a VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK(PLEASE see FIGURE 2). PIN 4(Reset) is hooked up with ANOTHER VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK.
Fig 2: Horizontal sensor electronic circuit
The LDR(SAY LDR A) which is always illuminated by light through FRESNEL LENS ARRAY, has Low Resistance(in presence of light resistance of LDR decreases and vice-versa). We know V(OUT)=V(IN)*[R(bottom)]/[R(bottom)+R(top)], where R stands For Resitance. So in SUNLIGHT, when LDR A’s resistance Decreases, VOLTAGE AT PIN 4 Increases. TIMER is no more RESET. PIN 2 is now lower than 1/3 rd Vcc(as the horizontal LDR 1, say LDR B does not initially receive light through its rectangular slit, so its resistance is high(Rtop=8 K ohms), consequently V(OUT) is low). This triggers the timer which gives a pulse to Decade Counter’s Clock(14) PIN and triggers it. The Decade Counter CD 4017 gives a NORMAL STEP DRIVE pulse to the Horizontal Unipolar Stepper Motor 1(coupled to the tracker unit) to rotate the tracker position so as to receive sunlight(STEP ANGLE of 2 DEGREES). This goes on till the horizontal LDR 1 is fully in SUNLIGHT(resistance low, so PIN 2’S VOLTAGE HIGH). Thus the tracker has followed the SUN Horizontally.
Fig 3: Horizontal Sensor electronic circuit
We will come to the Vertical Sensor Module, but first let us see what the DAWN LDR(SAY LDR C) does. At night the horizontal Module timer 555 remains Reset(as LDR A is in darkness so its resistance is high, thus pin 4 voltage is low, and the TRACKER points at WEST(where SUN has set). Next day when SUN rises again in the EAST, the DAWN LDR which is located at the back of the TRACKER, points at EAST. So when it receives sunlight its Resistance goes low, thus Voltage at pin 4 is high and the timer triggers the Decade Counter which in turn switches the Motor on, thus the TRACKER again moves towards the EAST. Then the TRACKER functions as previously.
Now placed with the Horizontal Sensor LDR 1 is another similar LDR 2 which receives the sunlight as and when does LDR 1. SEE FIGURE 3. So now, as LDR B(THE 1st horizontal one) receives sunlight, so does Horizontal LDR 2(SEE FIGURE 1, THESE 2 LDRs are placed together with same alignment properties and separated by an optically insulated coating(from each other).Thus when Motor 1 comes to rest, and as the second horizontal LDR (SAY LDR D),is same way coupled to the second timer’s(of Vertical Module) Reset pin as was the ALWAYS ILLUMINATED LDR A, it brings the second timer out of its Reset mode) by the previously discussed VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP). EYE SENSOR LDR(SAY LDR E) of the tracker receives sunlight by an Anti-Reflection Coated, small Rectangular Slit, so reacts only when SUN directly points at it. The second 555’s PIN 2 is same way connected to this LDR as was the first 555’s to Horizontal LDR 1. So now that it still not receives sunlight (resistance high, so Vout low) and pin 4 is no more Reset, the second CD 4017 MAKES THE SECOND STEPPER MOTOR 2 Rotate(Coupled so as to only rotate VERTICAL SENSING BLOCK/EYE BLOCK ). This movement continues till the SUN directly points at the EYE of our TRACKER. Then the TRACKER STOPS, pointing very accurately at the SUN.FIG 2 and FIG 3 follows.
fig 4: Stepper motor control board
In figure 4 I have only shown the Horizontal Motor Control Circuit. The Vertical One uses a similar Decade Counter, NPN Transistors, Diodes(to encounter BACK EMF of Power Transistors due to Fast Switching). I chose for a Step Angle of 2 Degrees for the Unipolar Steppers. They are driven in a Normal 4 Step Sequence, first coil A is energised simultaneously with coil B ,then coil C with coil D. Thus the Motors rotate by 2 degrees each time. The Charging Interval(how long pin 3 of 555’s remains high) is almost in synchronism with the steps/second speed of the motors(here 600 steps/sec.), to avoid FALSE TRIGGERING.
NOTE:
- For 555 in MONOSTABLE MODE, T=1.1*R*C.
- For the FRESNEL LENS ARRAY , the standard FL 40(Focal Length=0.4 inches) Or FL 65(Focal Length=0.65 inches) FRESNEL LENSES could be used (with the Grooves facing the LDRs).
- For the ANTI-REFLECTION COATING, MULTI-LAYER COATING could be used to minimize loss due to REFLECTION. By using alternating layers of a Low-Index material like SILICA and a Higher-Index material, it is possible to obtain Reflectivities as low as 0.1% at Single Wavelength
MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS(89C51) ieee,EMBEDDED
WIRELESS MESSAGING VIA MOBILE/LANDLINE
GSM BASE HOME SECUIRTY SYSTEM
GSM BASED HOMEAUTOMATION & SECUIRTY
AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX
VOTING MACHINE
SMS BASE DEVICE SWITCH
SOLAR TARKER SYSTEM
TEXT DATA COMMUNICATION THROUGH FIBER/LAGER
DIGITAL COMBINETION LOCK
SAFETY GUARD FOR THE BLIND (PROXIMITY BASE
SMS THROUGH TELEPHONE
SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS
SMART CARD
DATA SECUIRTY SYSTEM
TOUCH SCREEN
HEART BEAT MONITOR
AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER:
RADAR SYSTEM ILIGAL AROPLAN DETECTOR
PRI-PAID CAR PARKING
MULI LAVEL CAR PARKING
FASTEST-FINGER-FIRST USING 89C51
MICRO PROCESSOR BASED REVERSIBLE D.C. MOTOR CONTROL
STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51
MIC-89C51 MONITORING SYSTEM
MANUAL AT 89C51 PROGRAM
AT 89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER
MICROCONTROLLER BASED CODE LOCK USING AT 89C2051
LCD FREQUENCY METER USING 89C2051
CALLER ID UNIT USING MICRO-CONTROLLER
MICROPROCESSOR-BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM
STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51 MICRO-CONTROLLER
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TEMPERATURE METER
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED HEARTBEAT MONITOR
ULTRASONICRANGEFINDER USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
CALLER- ID UNIT USING MICRO CONTROLLER
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PATHFINDER
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ROBOT.
MICRO CONTROLLER MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED RELAY SWITCHING
MICRO CONTROLLER AUTO DIALER USING GSM.
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WATER LEVER INDICATOR
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION
MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM
MULTI CHANNEL INFRA RED CONTROL 4 different point 89c2051 micro controller in transmitter and receiver, using infra red technique.
MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY : 89c51 micro controller Led matrix,
Digital clock with alarm: using 89c51 micro controller
TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH DOWN COUNTER : all the four sides of the road with one side counter display using 89c51 micro controller circuit.
ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER USING MICROCONTROLLER
PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM
MICRO CONTROLLER TEMPERATUIRE METER
ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONERTER USING AT89C51 MCU
INFARED REMOTE CONTROLE SYSTEM
ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR
MICROCONTROLLER BASED TACHOMETER
MCU BASED VISITOR COUNTER
PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING 89C51
AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT
PRE-PAID ENERGY METER
MICROC CONTROLLER BASED LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT
AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT CONTROLLED BY MCU
AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER
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Simple Electronic Combination Lock using IC LS 7220
Simple Electronic Combination Lock using IC LS 7220
Description
This is the circuit diagram of a simple electronic combination lock using IC LS 7220.This circuit can be used to activate a relay for controlling (on & off) any device when a preset combination of 4 digits are pressed.The circuit can be operated from 5V to 12V.
To set the combination connect the appropriate switches to pin 3,4,5 and 6 of the IC through the header.As an example if S1 is connected to pin 3, S2 to pin 4 , S3 to pin 5, S4 to pin 6 of the IC ,the combination will be 1234.This way we can create any 4 digit combinations.Then connect the rest of the switches to pin 2 of IC.This will cause the IC to reset if any invalid key is pressed , and entire key code has to be re entered.
When the correct key combination is pressed the out put ( relay) will be activated for a preset time determined by the capacitor C1.Here it is set to be 6S.Increase C1 to increase on time.
For the key pad, arrange switches in a 3X4 matrix on a PCB.Write the digits on the keys using a marker.Instead of using numbers I wrote some symbols!.The bad guys will be more confused by this.
Circuit Diagram .Click to Enlarge. Pin Assignment of LS7220.
C1 1 1uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2 1 220uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
R1 1 2.2K 1/4W Resistor
Q1 1 2N3904 NPN Transistor 2N2222
D1 1 1N4148 Rectifier Diode 1N4001-1N4007
K1 1 12V SPDT Relay Any appropriate relay with 12V coil
U1 1 LS7220 Digital Lock IC
S1-S12 12 SPST Momentary Pushbutton Keypad (see notes)
HD1 1 12 Position Header
Digital temperature sensor
Description.
Here is a straight forward ,yet effective digital temperature controller that can be used with temperature control systems.
The circuit uses IC LM 35 (IC3) to sense the temperature.The output of LM 35 is given to the IC ADC 0804 (IC4) which converts the analog output of the LM 35 to digital output.The ADC 0804 is a 8 bit ADC .Eight LED’s are connected to the output of ADC to show the output logic.If needed the LED’s can be avoided and the output can be connected to any suitable external circuit like temperature controller etc.A 5V fixed voltage regulator based on 7805 (IC1) powers the circuit.Another variable voltage regulator based on LM317(IC2) is used to provide the reference voltage to the ADC 0804.
Circuit diagram with Parts list.

digital-temperature-sensor-circuit
Notes.
•POT R10 can be used to adjust the scale factor of the ADC.The reference voltage at pin 7 of ADC0804 should be 2.5 V for full scale.
•Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.
•If 1A bridge is not available make one with four 1N 4007 diodes.
PC TO PC FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION

The above project uses two nos transreceiver modules ,and the circuit communicates at 9600 kbps. ‘c’ codes comes with along with project
PC TO PC LASER COMMUNICATION

The above project uses two nos transreceiver modules ,and the circuit communicates at 9600 kbps. ‘c’ codes comes with along with project

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF UNMANNED RAIL GATE
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AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF UNMANNED RAIL GATE |
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| We read news papers very often about the railway accidents happening at un attanded railway gates. Present project is designed to avoid such accidents if emplemented in spirit. this project utilises two powerful ir transmitter and two receivers ,one pair of transmitter and receiver is fixed at up side (from the train comes) at a level higher than human beeing in exact alignment and similarly other pair is fixed at down side of the train direction sensor activation time is so adjusted by calculating the time taken at a certain speed to cross at least one compartment of standard minimum size of the indian railway. I have considered 5 seconds for this project sensors are fixed at 1000 miters on both sides of the gate we call fore side sensor pair for commong towards gate train and aft sidesensors for the train just crosse the gate when foreside receiver get activated, gate motor is turned on in one direction and gate is closed and stay closed till train crosses the gate and reaches aft side sensors when aftside receiver get activated motor turns in opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops . Buzzer will immidiately sound at the fore side receiver activation and gate will close after 5 seconds so giving time to drivers to clear gate area in order to avoid trapping between gate. And stop sound after the train has crossed. Two other indications are provided for station master to know the status of gate in case the gate is not closed due to any reason a red signalling light fixed well before gate is enough to alarm the train driver to stop the train . The project is simple emplementation and subject to further improvement. Based on atmel 89c51 microcontroller. | |||||
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Terms & Conditions : Advance 100%. Delivery 1 to 2 weeks.
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HOME APPLIANCE CONTROL THROUGH PC
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This is unique project designed to Control Home appliances through your computer, using 1. Hyper Terminal Application area: the project can be used for various application wherever you require control using pc. 1 hotel power management 2.street light management 3.home automation 4.load shedding 5. High voltage grid control 6. Industrial automation 7.electro,hydrolic and pneumatic valve control 8. Robotic control and many more …. No pc software is required if you are using Hyperterminal.How to use hyperterminal is explained in this project.
Terms & Conditions : Advance 100%. Delivery 1 to 2 weeks. 2. Dialup network 3. Internet, using web applications 4. Through s.m.s. |
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AUTOMATIC INTELLIGENT TOLL -TAX
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AUTOMATIC INTELLIGENT TOLL -TAX |
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![]() TOLL TAX PROJECTS ![]() final year project automatic toll tax block diagram |
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| THIS PROJECT IS DESIGNED TO MAKE UNATTENDED AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX STATIONS AT CHECK BARRIERS OR OCTRI CHCK POSTS
Automatic toll tax project is designed ,using atmel 89c51 microcontroller & descreate componants. Heart of the project is an ir transmitter and receiver modules ,these strong powerfull modules transmits 38khz strong ir beam, has a range of more than 15 feets are sufficiently enough for our project. I have designed this project as a simple emplementation of the toll collection process automatically in a model form. This should not be considered as a real toll collection system which require much more considerations , tests and huge amount of money, before they are actually put into use. ![]() Email freshersblog@gmail.com to Get this project or its details However this project gives enough guidelines for the actual dvelopment of the toll collection system. For the sake of simplicity , we have to make coin box exactly same as used in pco coin box machine fixed on railway station or else whare. We have to make two coin size holes one for one rupee, and other for five rupee coin. You have to fixup coin sensors on these holes, one sensor should be fixed for five rupee coin and one sensor for one rupee coin. OPERATION: when light vehicle is detected, one rupee sensor led will glow also the device will speak out ” please enter one rupee” in three languages. if the coin is inserted, it will stop asking for the coin and gate will open. when the vehicle croses other side of the gate the gate will close. also the count value on the lcd will be updated . operation is similar for heavy vehicle where the device is going to ask for “five rupee coin” the project will maintain the complete details of all the vehicles crossing that way.. so no vehicle can cross without paying.
Terms & Conditions : Advance 100%. Delivery 1 to 2 weeks. Call Indianengineer’s at 09717408885 or email freshersblog@gmail.com or login www.indianengineer.wordpress.com for the biggest list of projects |














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