BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
READ TIME FROM RTC (REAL TIME CLOCK)AND CALCULATE REQUIRED ANGLE OF INCLINATION
MEASURE PRESENT INCLINATION ANGLE THROUGH POSION OF 10K/OHM VARIABLE RESISTOR
IF POSITION SOLAR PANNEL IS NOT CORRECT ROTATE THE STEPPER MOTOR TO CORRECT THE POSITION
PANNEL VOLTAGE AND PANNEL CURRENT IS ALSO DISPLAYED ON LCD
THIS PROJECT IS AVAILABLE IN BOTH SINGLE & dOUBLE ROTATION.
RFiD Based Door Access Control
SYNOPSIS
The concept of access control is brought about using a card, a corresponding card reader and a control panel interfaced with the server. The card is a proximity card with a unique identification number integrated in it. The reader reads the data and sends it to the control panel, which is the micro controller. This controller checks the validity of the data with the server, which bears the database. The server is loaded with the details about the employee for that number.
The control panel checks whether he/she is allowed to enter the particular door or not. If the employee is authentic, then he/she is allowed access in the particular entrance.
The employees can be permitted in a given entrance as per his/her designation. The access control is employed at this point. When a person of a particular designation is not supposed to be allowed in a given entrance.
CIRUIT DIAGRAM
Radio frequency (RF) refers to electromagnetic waves that have a wavelength suited for use in radio communication. Radio waves are classified by their frequencies, which are expressed in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz. Radio frequencies range from very low frequency (VLF), which has a range of 10 to 30 kHz, to extremely high frequency (EHF), which has a range of 30 to 300 GHz.
RFID is a flexible technology that is convenient, easy to use, and well suited for automatic operation. It combines advantages not available with other identification technologies. RFID can be supplied as read-only or read / write, does not require contact or line-of-sight to operate, can function under a variety of environmental conditions, and provides a high level of data integrity. In addition, because the technology is difficult to counterfeit, RFID provides a high level of security.
RFID is similar in concept to bar coding. Bar code systems use a reader and coded labels that are attached to an item, whereas RFID uses a reader and special RFID devices that are attached to an item. Bar code uses optical signals to transfer information from the label to the reader; RFID uses RF signals to transfer information from the RFID device to the reader.
Radio waves transfer data between an item to which an RFID device is attached and an RFID reader. The device can contain data about the item, such as what the item is, what time the device travelled through a certain zone, perhaps even a parameter such as temperature. RFID devices, such as a tag or label, can be attached to virtually anything – from a vehicle to a pallet of merchandise.
RFID technology uses frequencies within the range of 50 kHz to 2.5 GHz. An RFID system typically includes the following components:
• An RFID device (transponder or tag) that contains data about an item
• An antenna used to transmit the RF signals between the reader and the RFID device
• An RF transceiver that generates the RF signals
• A reader that receives RF transmissions from an RFID device and passes the data to a host system for processing
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
HOME SECURITY SYSTEM + SMS THROUGH GSM MODEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM HOME SECURITY SYSTEM + SMS THROUGH GSM MODEM
WE SENSE SOUND /SMOKE /OBSTACLE/ DOORS WINDOWS/ TEMP
IF ALARM IS THERE LOCAL ACTION IS THERE THROUGH RELAYS
SMS SENT THROGH GSM MODEM
Project title is “AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER “. mICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECT
The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can know present number of persons.
In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.
Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Automatic room light Control with bi directional visitor counter circuit
RECEIVER CIRCUIT
The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I.e. around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to the Port 1 of the microcontroller. Port 0 is used for the 7-Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn On and Turn off Purpose.LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used for 7-Segment display. And that time Relay will get Voltage and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And when counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off. Reset button will reset the microcontroller.Microcontroller based Visitor Counter.
TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT
This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a ‘one-shot’.
In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7′s discharge transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through
R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to ‘high’. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output ‘low’ and turning on pin 7′s discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1.
IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around 1.4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz.
PCB LAYOUT
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED MULTI STORY CAR PARKING SYSTEM PROJECT
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED MULTI STORY CAR PARKING SYSTEM PROJECT
OBSTACLE SENSOR SENSING THE INCOMMING CAR
HEADLIGHT SENSING THE OUTGOING CARS
THE STEPPER MOTOR IS THERE FOR MOVEMENT OF LIFT
THREE SENSORS ARE THERE TO SENSE THE POSITION OF LIFT ON EACH FLOOR
LED 1 THROUGH 3 INDICATES ON WHICH FLOR LIFT IS LOCATED
MAXIMUM 9 CARS CAN BE PLACED ON EACH FLOOR GROUND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR AND SEC FLOOR
INTRODUCTION
Conventionally, wireless-controlled robots use RF circuits,which have the drawbacks of limited working range, limited frequency range and limited control. Use of a mobile phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the advantages of robust control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider,no interference with other controllers and up to twelve controls.Although the appearance and capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the features of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The control of robot involves three distinct phases: reception, processing and action. Generally, the preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot, processing is done by the on-board microcontroller or processor, and the task (action) is performed using motors or with some other actuators.
PROJECT OVERVIEW
Cell phone operated land Rover,Robot,Moving Vehicle.circuit
In this project, the robot is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the robot. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed,a tone corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is called ‘dual-tone multiple-frequency’ (DTMF) tone. The robot perceives this DTMF tone with the help of the phone stacked in the robot. The received tone is processed by the ATmega16 microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder MT8870. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent binary digit and this binary number is sent to the microcontroller.The microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a decision for any given input and outputs its decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or a turn. The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a remote. So this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and transmitter units. DTMF signaling is used fr telephone signaling over the line in the voice-frequency band to the call switching centre. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known as ‘Touch-Tone.’DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separatetones) to each key so that it can easily be identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is a direct algebraic summation, in real time, of the amplitudes of two sine (cosine)waves of different frequencies, i.e., pressing ‘5’ will send a tone made by adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of the line. The tones and assignments in a DTMF system are shown in Table I.
SCEMATIC OF CELLPHONE OPERATED LANDROVER
Cell phone operated land rover circuit,robot,moving vehicle
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the microcontroller-based mobile phoneoperated land rover. The important components of this rover are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and motor driver. An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the MT8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need for pre-filtering. When the input signal given at pin 2 (IN-) in single-ended input configuration is recognised to be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin 11) through Q4 (pin 14) outputs. Table II shows the DTMF data output table of MT8870. Q1 through Q4 outputs of the DTMF decoder (IC1) are connected to port pins PA0 through PA3 of ATmega16 microcontroller (IC2) after inversion by N1 through N4,respectively. The ATmega16 is a low-power, 8-bit, CMOS microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. It provides the following features: 16 kB of in-system programmable Flash program memory with read-while-write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1kB SRAM, 32 general-purpose input/output (I/O) lines and 32 general-purpose working registers. All the 32 registers re directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit, allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code-efficient. Outputs from port pins PD0 through PD3 and PD7 of the microcontroller are fed to inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D, espectively, to drive two geared DC motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the DC motors, so current drivers are required for motor rotation. The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-H driver designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600 mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the DC motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pin IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4 are input and output pins, respectively, of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and drivers 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1 (EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When enable input EN1 (pin 1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding to their inputs are active. Similarly, enable input EN2 (pin 9) enables drivers 3 and 4. An actual-size, single-side PCB for cellphone-operated land rover is shown in Fig. 4 and its component layout in Fig. 5.
PCB LAYOUT FOR CELLPHONE OPERATED LANDROVER
pcb design free
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
The software is written in ‘C’ language and compiled using CodeVision AVR ‘C’ compiler. The source program is ed into hex code by the compiler. Burn this hex code into ATmega16 AVR microcontroller.The source program is well commented and easy to understand. First include the register name defined specifically for ATmega16 and also declare the variable. Set port A as the input and port D as the output. The program
will run forever by using ‘while’ loop. Under ‘while’ loop, read port A and test the received input using ‘switch’ statement. The corresponding data will output at port D after testing of the received data.
WORKING
In order to control the robot, you need to make a call to the cell phone attached to the robot (through head phone) from any phone, which sends DTMF tunes on pressing the numeric buttons. The cell phone in the robot is kept in ‘auto answer’ mode. (If the mobile does not have the auto answering facility, receive the call by ‘OK’ key on the rover-connected mobile and then made it in hands-free mode.) So after a ring, the cellphone accepts the call. Now you may press any button on your mobile to perform actions as listed in Table III. The DTMF tones thus produced are received by the cellphone in the robot. These tones are fed to the circuit by the headset of the
cellphone. The MT8870 decodes the received tone and sends the equivalent binary number to the microcontroller. According to the program in the microcontroller, the robot starts moving.When you press key ‘2’ (binary equivalent 00000010) on your mobile phone, the microcontroller outputs ‘10001001’ binary equivalent. Port pins PD0, PD3 and PD7 are high. The high output at PD7 of the microcontroller drives the motor driver (L293D). Port pins PD0 and PD3 drive motors M1 and M2 in forward direction (as per Table III). Similarly, motors M1 and M2 move for left turn, right turn, backward motion and stop condition as per Table III.
CONSTRUCTION
Cellphone operated land rover project
When constructing any robot, one major mechanical constraint is the number there a two-wheel drive or a four-wheel ive. Though four-wheel drive is more complex than two-wheel drive, it provides more torque and good control. Two-wheel drive, on the other hand, is very easy to construct. Top view of a four-wheel-driven land rover is shown in Fig. 3. The chassis used in this model is a 10×18cm2 sheet made up of parax. Motors are fixed to the bottom of this sheet and the circuit is affixed firmly on top of the sheet. A cellphone is also mounted on the sheet as shown in the picture. In the four-wheel drive system, the two motors on a side are controlled in parallel. So a single L293D driver IC can drive the rover. For this robot, beads affixed with glue act as support wheels.
PROGRAM FOR CELLPHONE OPERATED LANDROVER
Source program:
Robit.c
#include
void main(void)
{
unsigned int k, h;
DDRA=0×00;
DDRD=0XFF;
while (1)
{
k =~PINA;
h=k & 0x0F;
switch (h)
{
case 0×02: //if I/P is 0×02
{
PORTD=0×89;//O/P 0×89 ie Forward
break;
}
case 0×08: //if I/P is 0×08
{
PORTD=0×86; //O/P 0×86 ie Backward
break;
}
case 0×04:
{
PORTD=0×85; // Left turn
break;
case 0×06:
{
PORTD=0x8A; // Right turn
break;
}
case 0×05:
{
PORTD=0×00; // Stop
break;
}
}
}
}
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
ELECTRONICS VOTING MACHINE WITH BALLOT UNIT
Electronic Voting Maching Circuit ckt Diagram Project
2X16 LCD DISPLY USED
4X3 KEYBORD USED FOR PASSWORD ENTRY
WHEN CONTROLLER IS CONNECTED TO BALLOT UNIT AND WHEN BUTTON IS PRESSED ON BALLOT UNIT RESPECTIVE LRD GLOWS AND SERIALLY COMMUNICATED TO CONTROLLER TO UPGRADE THE DATA IN EEPROM AS WELL AS DISPLAYED ON LCD.
WHEN YOU WANT TO KNOW THE RESULT OF ELECTION CONNECT THE CONTROLER TO PC AND BY PRESSING THE KEY YOU CAN KNOW THE RESULT
ON MONITOR OF PC AS WELL AS SAVE THE FILE IN PC .
Click Here to Go Back To Complete list of Projects
Electronic voting Maching Project, Electronic Voting Maching Circuit, Electronic Voting Maching Free Project, Microcontroller based Electronic Voting Machine.
CAll Us at 09717408885,9868816785,9013296909
Keep Checking For Pic Based Projects
Our Team Is working on New list of Pic 16f877a Based Projects
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AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over again from dawn next day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate.Let us see how it does all this.
There are three Electronic Modules to be explained. First one is the HORIZONTAL SENSOR MODULE. It employs the timer 555 in the MONOSTABLE MODE. PIN 2(Trigger Pin of 555) is hooked up with a VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK(PLEASE see FIGURE 2). PIN 4(Reset) is hooked up with ANOTHER VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK.
Fig 1: Block diagram of the tracker following the sun all through
Fig 2: Horizontal sensor electronic circuit
The LDR(SAY LDR A) which is always illuminated by light through FRESNEL LENS ARRAY, has Low Resistance(in presence of light resistance of LDR decreases and vice-versa). We know V(OUT)=V(IN)*[R(bottom)]/[R(bottom)+R(top)], where R stands For Resitance. So in SUNLIGHT, when LDR A’s resistance Decreases, VOLTAGE AT PIN 4 Increases. TIMER is no more RESET. PIN 2 is now lower than 1/3 rd Vcc(as the horizontal LDR 1, say LDR B does not initially receive light through its rectangular slit, so its resistance is high(Rtop=8 K ohms), consequently V(OUT) is low). This triggers the timer which gives a pulse to Decade Counter’s Clock(14) PIN and triggers it. The Decade Counter CD 4017 gives a NORMAL STEP DRIVE pulse to the Horizontal Unipolar Stepper Motor 1(coupled to the tracker unit) to rotate the tracker position so as to receive sunlight(STEP ANGLE of 2 DEGREES). This goes on till the horizontal LDR 1 is fully in SUNLIGHT(resistance low, so PIN 2’S VOLTAGE HIGH). Thus the tracker has followed the SUN Horizontally.
Fig 3: Horizontal Sensor electronic circuit
We will come to the Vertical Sensor Module, but first let us see what the DAWN LDR(SAY LDR C) does. At night the horizontal Module timer 555 remains Reset(as LDR A is in darkness so its resistance is high, thus pin 4 voltage is low, and the TRACKER points at WEST(where SUN has set). Next day when SUN rises again in the EAST, the DAWN LDR which is located at the back of the TRACKER, points at EAST. So when it receives sunlight its Resistance goes low, thus Voltage at pin 4 is high and the timer triggers the Decade Counter which in turn switches the Motor on, thus the TRACKER again moves towards the EAST. Then the TRACKER functions as previously.
Now placed with the Horizontal Sensor LDR 1 is another similar LDR 2 which receives the sunlight as and when does LDR 1. SEE FIGURE 3. So now, as LDR B(THE 1st horizontal one) receives sunlight, so does Horizontal LDR 2(SEE FIGURE 1, THESE 2 LDRs are placed together with same alignment properties and separated by an optically insulated coating(from each other).Thus when Motor 1 comes to rest, and as the second horizontal LDR (SAY LDR D),is same way coupled to the second timer’s(of Vertical Module) Reset pin as was the ALWAYS ILLUMINATED LDR A, it brings the second timer out of its Reset mode) by the previously discussed VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP). EYE SENSOR LDR(SAY LDR E) of the tracker receives sunlight by an Anti-Reflection Coated, small Rectangular Slit, so reacts only when SUN directly points at it. The second 555’s PIN 2 is same way connected to this LDR as was the first 555’s to Horizontal LDR 1. So now that it still not receives sunlight (resistance high, so Vout low) and pin 4 is no more Reset, the second CD 4017 MAKES THE SECOND STEPPER MOTOR 2 Rotate(Coupled so as to only rotate VERTICAL SENSING BLOCK/EYE BLOCK ). This movement continues till the SUN directly points at the EYE of our TRACKER. Then the TRACKER STOPS, pointing very accurately at the SUN.FIG 2 and FIG 3 follows.
fig 4: Stepper motor control board
In figure 4 I have only shown the Horizontal Motor Control Circuit. The Vertical One uses a similar Decade Counter, NPN Transistors, Diodes(to encounter BACK EMF of Power Transistors due to Fast Switching). I chose for a Step Angle of 2 Degrees for the Unipolar Steppers. They are driven in a Normal 4 Step Sequence, first coil A is energised simultaneously with coil B ,then coil C with coil D. Thus the Motors rotate by 2 degrees each time. The Charging Interval(how long pin 3 of 555’s remains high) is almost in synchronism with the steps/second speed of the motors(here 600 steps/sec.), to avoid FALSE TRIGGERING.
NOTE:
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